Ladder logic uses switch or relay contacts to implement Boolean expressions. In years past, ladder logic was made possible with discrete relays and was sometimes termed “relay logic.” Today most ...

Solid-state relays (SSRs) control load currents through solid-state switches such as triacs, SCRs, or power transistors. These elements are controlled by input signals coupled to the switching devices ...

Figure 1 shows the propulsion system of an electric vehicle. It includes an electric motor, drive electronics, a mechanical transmission, vehicle control/power management, a charging system, and a ...